Table of Contents – Introduction
|| HOSHEA | 2 || 14 ||| YOEL | 1 || 2 || 3
||| AMOS | 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|| 9 ||| OVADYAH ||| YONAH | 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 ||| MICHAH | 1 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 |||
NACHUM ||| CHAVAKUK | 1 | 2 || 3 ||| TZEFANYAH ||| CHAGAI | 1 || 2 ||| ZECHARYAH | 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 14 ||| MALACHI | 1 || 2 || 3
THE BOOK OF TZEFANYAH
Introduction:
Tzefanyah lived around 50 years before the destruction of the First Temple. (Da’at Mikra)
According to the Radak, Tzefanyah was the prophet who educated the elite in the houses of study (batei midrashot), while Yirmiyahu taught the masses of men, and Chulda the prophetess taught the women.
The name Tzefanyah reflects his time and mission: Tzafon is a hint at the enemy, who is going to come from the north (see Yirmiyahu 1:14: מצפון תיפתח הרעה) to destroy the Temple. Tzafun is a hint that this prophet was revealing hidden things to mankind. (Rabbi Wein, tape on Tzefanyah)
Chapter 1,
Verses 1; 12-14
Verse 1:
דבר
ה' אשר היה אל
צפניה בן כושי
בן גדליה בן
אמריה בן
חזקיה בימי
יאשיהו בן
אמון מלך
יהודה
According to the Ibn Ezra, the Chizkiyah mentioned here as a forebear of Tzefanyah was the king Chizkiyah.
Chapter 1 describes the terrible destruction that will occur. The teacher should read verses 1-11 out loud, in order to get a feeling of the chapter. Verses 12-14 are to be studied in detail, in order to understand the theme of the chapter in greater depth.
Verse 12:
והיה
בעת ההיא אחפש
את ירושלים
בנרות ופקדתי על
האנשים
הקופאים על
שמריהם
האומרים
בלבבם לא
ייטיב ה' ולא
ירע
והיה
בעת ההיא אחפש
את ירושלים
בנרות
1. Nobody will be able to hide from Hashem; everyone will be punished. (Metzudat David)
2. Checking by candlelight indicates that one is searching carefully. (Radak)
Chazal understand this verse to be the basis for checking for chametz by candlelight. (Pesachim 7b)
ופקדתי על
האנשים
הקופאים על
שמריהם
האומרים
בלבבם לא
ייטיב ה' ולא
ירע
The people who are being punished are those who are complacent. They lack nothing, and believe that there is no Divine Providence in this world. They are like wine that sits, motionless, on its dregs (Metzudat David)
Verse 13:
והיה
חילם למשיסה
ובתיהם לשממה
ובנו בתים ולא
ישבו ונטעו
כרמים ולא
ישתו את יינם
והיה חילם
למשיסה
ובתיהם לשממה
1. The people’s wealth will be trampled by the enemy, and they will be exiled from their homes. (Metzudat David)
2.* One sees Hashem’s Providence in all areas: Money, houses and crops will all be taken by the enemy. (Malbim)
ובנו בתים
ולא ישבו
ונטעו כרמים
ולא ישתו את יינם
They will build houses and plant vineyards for naught, since they will never live in the houses, nor drink from the wine. (Metzudat David)
Verse 14:
קרוב
יום ה' הגדול
קרוב ומהר מאוד
קול יום ה' מר
צורח שם גיבור
קרוב
יום ה' הגדול
קרוב ומהר
מאוד...
The day of retribution is announced by the prophet, as fast-approaching. It will be such a loud day, that even warriors will be frightened and will cry out in fear. (Metzudat David)
The teacher should read the rest of the chapter out loud.
Chapter 2,
Verses 1-4
Verse 1:
התקוששו
וקושו הגוי לא
נכסף
התקוששו
וקושו
1. Everyone should seek out their misdeeds and repent. They should then help their friends find their misdeeds as well, and help them to repent. (Metzudat David)
2. First correct your own misdeeds, and then go on to try to correct the misdeeds of others, as it says in Sanhedrin 18a: קשוט עצמך ואחר כך קשוט אחרים. (Rashi)
הגוי
לא נכסף
1. The Jews are described as a nation that does not desire Hashem. (Metzudat David)
2. The Jews are a people who do not desire to look inward and expose their sins, nor do they want to improve the behavior of others. (Radak)
The teacher should discuss the concept of the desire to serve Hashem – not only to do the minimum in a routine fashion, but to want to improve one’s service of Hashem to grow spiritually.
Verse 2:
בטרם
לדת חוק כמוץ
עבר יום בטרם
לא יבוא עליכם
חרון אף ה'
בטרם לא יבוא
עליכם יום אף
ה'
בטרם
לדת חוק
One should improve one’s ways before the decree is carried out. (Radak)
כמוץ
עבר יום
The days of exile are like chaff blowing in the wind. (Metzudat David)
בטרם
לא יבוא עליכם
חרון אף ה'
בטרם לא יבוא
עליכם יום אף
ה'
1. The warning is repeated for emphasis. The anger of Hashem is manifested at the time of the punishment. (Metzudat David)
2. Tzefanyah is warning the people to repent before the decree is carried out. That way, the day of retribution will come, but without Hashem’s wrath; and perhaps the day will not come at all. (Malbim)
Verse 3:
בקשו
את ה' כל ענווי
הארץ אשר
משפטו פעלו
בקשו צדק בקשו ענווה
אולי תיסתרו
ביום אף ה'
בקשו
את ה' כל ענווי
הארץ אשר
משפטו פעלו
Although many Jews sinned, there were those who remained loyal to Hashem. (Radak)
בקשו
צדק בקשו
ענווה
1. The righteous people should help others return to Hashem. (Radak)
2. The rest of the people should seek justice and humility. (Metzudat David)
אולי
תיסתרו ביום
אף ה'
1. If the people return to Hashem, although they will have to go through the process of exile, they will be saved from the sword. (Radak)
2. The people who do teshuva will be able to survive the exile experience and will return to the Land of Israel. (Metzudat David)
The fundamental concepts of משפטי ה' are developed by R. Chaim Shmuelevitz in his essay "משפטי ה'", included in his book שיחות מוסר, מאמר א' (1973).
Verse 4:
כי
עזה עזובה
תהיה ואשקלון
לשממה אשדוד
בצהריים
יגרשוה
ועקרון תיעקר
כי
עזה עזובה
תהיה ואשקלון
לשממה
When the Jewish people return to the Land, they will find it bereft of its inhabitants. (Metzudat David)
Chapter 3, Verses 16-20
Verse 16:
ביום
ההוא ייאמר
לירושלים אל
תיראי ציון אל
ירפו ידייך
ביום
ההוא ייאמר
לירושלים...
1. The prophets will tell Jerusalem there is no longer any need to fear. (Radak)
2. Each person will tell his fellow man that there is no longer any need to fear. (Radak)
3. The other nations will tell the Jews that there is no longer any need to fear. (Radak)
Verse 17:
ה'
אלוקייך
בקרבך גיבור
יושיע ישיש
עלייך בשמחה
יחריש באהבתו
יגיל עלייך
ברינה
ה'
אלוקייך
בקרבך גיבור
יושיע
Hashem is the hero who will save the Jewish people. (Metzudat David)
ישיש
עלייך בשמחה
יחריש באהבתו
יגיל עלייך ברחמים
As a reflection of Hashem’s love to His people, He will ignore their sins and not mention them, so as not to embarrass them. (Metzudat David)
Verse 18:
נוגי
ממועד אספתי
ממך היו משאת
עליה חרפה
נוגי
ממועד אספתי
ממך
Those who experienced the exile, and were sad because of the long wait for redemption, will once again join the people. This is an allusion to the resurrection of the dead at the End of the Days. (Radak)
היו
משאת עליה
חרפה
They deserve to join the people, for they have already experienced much shame about Jerusalem, for many days. (Radak)
Verse 19:
הנני
עושה את כל
מענייך בעת
ההיא והושעתי
את הצולעה והנידחה
אקבץ ושמתים
לתהילה ולשם
בכל הארץ בשתם
הנני
עושה את כל
מענייך בעת
ההיא
At the time of redemption, Hashem will destroy all the nations that afflicted the Jewish people. (Metzudat David)
והושעתי
את הצולעה
והנידחה אקבץ
ושמתים לתהילה
ולשם בכל הארץ
בשתם
The Jewish people, who are like the lame in their inability to return to their land, will return. The Jews, who were humiliated, will now bask in glory. (Metzudat David)
Verse 20:
בעת
ההיא אביא
אתכם ובעת
קבצי אתכם כי
אתן אתכם לשם
ולתהילה בכל
עמי הארץ
בשובי את
שבותיכם
לעיניכם אמר
ה'
בעת
ההיא אביא
אתכם ובעת
קבצי אתכם
At the time of the redemption, everyone will return to the Land of Israel, even those who did not return during the period of the Second Temple. (Metzudat David)
כי
אתן אתכם לשם
ולתהילה בכל
עמי הארץ
בשובי את
שבותיכם
לעיניכם אמר
ה'
1. All of the Jews will be gathered from the lands of exile to the Land of Israel. They will become the glorified nation of the world. (Metzudat David)
2. The word לעיניכם hints that the generation of Tzefanyah will also behold the fulfillment of these words. So this, too, is an allusion to the resurrection of the dead. (Metzudat David)
As a review exercise for this chapter, the teacher can assign the students the writing of a catchy headline for each of the four verses studied in depth. For example: “Fear not” (for verse 16), “Love conquers all” (for verse 17), and “You won’t believe it till you see it!” (for verse 20).
Table
of Contents – Introduction || HOSHEA | 2 || 14 ||| YOEL | 1 || 2
|| 3 ||| AMOS | 1 || 2 || 3
|| 4 || 9 ||| OVADYAH ||| YONAH | 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 ||| MICHAH | 1 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 |||
NACHUM ||| CHAVAKUK | 1 | 2 || 3 ||| TZEFANYAH ||| CHAGAI | 1 || 2 ||| ZECHARYAH | 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 14 ||| MALACHI | 1 || 2 || 3